Wednesday, March 4, 2026

The Questioner of the Sphinx (1863)

Elihu Vedder’s The Questioner of the Sphinx presents a scene of profound stillness. A solitary traveler kneels in the sand before the immense, weathered head of the Sphinx. The desert stretches outward in quiet expanses of ochre and dust. Time seems suspended. The monumental face, once a symbol of divine kingship and cosmic order, now lies partially buried, its meaning obscured by centuries of wind and erosion.

The traveler presses his ear toward the Sphinx’s lips as though expecting it to whisper a secret.

Yet the stone remains silent.

The longer I sit with this image, the more I recognize in it a deeply human impulse. When we encounter difficult questions—moments when the path forward feels obscured—we often turn outward in search of guidance. We seek books, teachers, traditions, rituals, or small symbolic gestures that might illuminate the next step. The kneeling figure becomes an archetype of the seeker, one who has journeyed across the desert of uncertainty and arrived before a monument of ancient wisdom hoping for clarity.

This instinct is neither modern nor accidental. Across cultures and centuries, humanity has developed rituals designed to confront the uncertainty of decision-making. In ancient Greece, travelers journeyed to the temple of Apollo at the Oracle of Delphi. There, the priestess known as the Pythia delivered responses believed to be divinely inspired. Yet the oracle’s answers were rarely direct. They were famously ambiguous, requiring interpretation and reflection. The seeker left not with certainty but with a riddle that demanded deeper thought.

In my own life, the ritual sometimes takes a far more modest form. When I encounter a moment of indecision, when every possible choice seems equally plausible, I occasionally shake a Magic 8 Ball. On the surface it is nothing more than a novelty toy. I know it possesses no supernatural insight. Yet the act of consulting it produces a curious psychological effect. When the answer floats into view—“Outlook not so good,” “Ask again later,” or “Signs point to yes”—my reaction reveals something important. If I feel disappointed, I immediately recognize what I secretly hoped the answer would be.

The oracle does not tell me what to do. It simply reveals what I already want.

In this sense, the Magic 8 Ball performs the same function as Delphi, as Vedder’s Sphinx, or even the countless books we turn to when we feel lost. They interrupt the momentum of our thinking long enough for reflection to occur. They create a pause in which our own interior voice becomes audible.

The books currently on my reading table participate in precisely this tradition. When I began reading The Creative Act by Rick Rubin, I was struck by how strongly it resonated with other works that have shaped my understanding of creativity and contemplation: The Tao of Pooh by Benjamin Hoff, Blue Like Jazz by Donald Miller, Tao: The Watercourse Way by Alan Watts, Sit Down and Shut Up by Brad Warner, and Zen commentaries on the teachings of the Chinese Chan master Linji Yixuan as interpreted by Thích Nhất Hạnh.

These books emerge from different traditions—Taoism, Zen Buddhism, Christian memoir, and modern creative practice—yet they converge around a common insight: wisdom rarely arrives through force. It emerges through attention.

Rubin writes, “The ability to look deeply is the root of creativity. To see past the ordinary and mundane and get to what might otherwise be invisible.” Creativity, in this sense, begins not with production but with perception. The artist becomes someone who learns how to listen: to the environment, to the moment, and to the subtle movements of their own mind.

This emphasis on attentive receptivity echoes Taoist philosophy. In Tao: The Watercourse Way, Alan Watts reflects on the Taoist metaphor of water, observing that muddy water becomes clear not through agitation but through stillness. “Muddy water,” Watts writes, “is best cleared by leaving it alone.” The statement captures a paradox central to creativity and decision-making alike: clarity often appears only after we stop forcing solutions.

Benjamin Hoff expresses a similar idea through the deceptively simple character of Winnie-the-Pooh. “The wise know their limitations; the foolish do not.” At first glance the line seems almost childlike, but its philosophical depth becomes apparent upon reflection. Wisdom begins with humility. Wisdom begins with the recognition that certainty is limited and that understanding often emerges gradually.

Zen teachings push this insight even further. The Chan master Linji became famous for teaching methods that dismantled the expectation that enlightenment would arrive through explanation. His recorded sayings frequently disrupt logical reasoning, confronting students with paradoxes or abrupt gestures designed to awaken direct awareness. One of Linji’s most famous declarations states: “If you meet the Buddha, kill the Buddha.” The statement is intentionally shocking. Its meaning is not literal but philosophical: enlightenment cannot be borrowed from external authorities. Any attachment to external certainty must ultimately be abandoned.

Modern Zen writers echo this lesson in simpler language. In Sit Down and Shut Up, Brad Warner reduces the complexity of spiritual seeking to a blunt instruction: stop chasing answers and simply sit. Insight arises not from accumulating ideas but from becoming fully present within the moment.

When viewed through this philosophical lens, Vedder’s painting reveals a deeper narrative. At first glance, the kneeling traveler appears to be waiting for the Sphinx to reveal an ancient truth. But perhaps the silence itself is the teacher. The Sphinx remains mute not because it lacks an answer but because the act of listening transforms the questioner.

The desert environment reinforces this interpretation. Throughout religious history, deserts have served as landscapes of revelation. Moses encounters the divine in the wilderness. The Desert Fathers retreat into solitude seeking spiritual purification. Even outside explicitly religious contexts, artists frequently describe moments of creative insight emerging during walks, retreats, or periods of quiet withdrawal from daily noise.

Silence, it seems, has always been fertile ground for discovery.

Modern psychology offers its own language for this phenomenon through the concept of “flow.” When individuals enter a state of deep concentration, the boundary between effort and action begins to dissolve. Time feels suspended. Decisions occur almost intuitively. The mind stops struggling against the problem and begins moving with it.

Rubin describes this creative state as a form of attunement. The creator becomes less like an engineer imposing structure and more like a receiver tuning into patterns already present in the world. Creativity emerges not through domination but through alignment.

Seen in this light, the traveler in Vedder’s painting is not merely asking a question. He is participating in a ritual of attention. The skull half-buried in the sand nearby reminds us of mortality and the brevity of human life. The walking staff lying beside him suggests that the journey to this moment has been long and difficult. The ancient monument before him represents centuries of accumulated mystery.

Everything in the composition points toward humility.

And perhaps that humility is precisely what allows insight to appear.

We consult books because they preserve the reflections of those who have struggled with similar questions before us. We seek teachers because wisdom is often refined through experience. We consult oracles, whether ancient temples or playful toys, because they disrupt the certainty of our own thinking.

In every case the movement is the same: we look outward in order to listen inward.

Vedder’s Sphinx never answers the traveler’s question. The desert remains silent. Yet the silence itself becomes meaningful. In kneeling, in pausing, in leaning close enough to hear what might emerge from stillness, the traveler creates the conditions for understanding.

The Sphinx whispers nothing.

But in the quiet that follows, the questioner begins to hear himself.


The Creative Act: A Way of Being

 


Tuesday, March 3, 2026

The Killing of a Sacred Deer

The Great Books Book Club

There comes a point when collecting books is no longer enough.

For years I have built lists: chronological lists, comparative lists, expanded canons that attempt to hold East and West in a single arc. I have merged women’s voices into inherited traditions and imagined a reading life that stretches across centuries. Yet aspiration is not discipline. Admiration is not participation.

So, I am beginning something deliberate: a book club grounded in Mortimer J. Adler and Charles Van Doren’s How to Read a Book. Not a casual reading circle. Not an exercise in summaries. But a disciplined apprenticeship in reading well.

Adler argues that reading is an activity governed by levels of engagement. Most readers never move beyond the first. If I am to read the Great Books seriously—if I am to allow them to shape rather than decorate my thinking—I must submit myself to the method.

Adler identifies four levels of reading.

  1. Elementary reading is simple comprehension. What do the words say? What is happening on the page?
  2. Inspectional reading is structural awareness. Before lingering in the details, I must understand the architecture of the work. What kind of book is this? What question is it attempting to answer? How is it organized?
  3. Analytical reading demands rigor. Here I identify key terms, propositions, and arguments. I must restate the author’s claims in my own words. I must understand before I evaluate. This requires intellectual humility and the willingness to suspend reaction until understanding is secure.
  4. Syntopical reading is the highest form. It places multiple authors in conversation around a shared question. Justice cannot be understood through Plato alone; he must be read alongside Aristotle. Augustine speaks differently about love than Aquinas. Shakespeare complicates Machiavelli. The question expands as the voices multiply.

This book club will attempt precisely that: disciplined reading that builds toward conversation across centuries.

I read roughly one book a week as I have the time. That rhythm will continue. But now the Great Books will become fixed pillars within that flow. Contemporary works, novels, scholarship—all will remain—but the spine of my reading life will be shaped by the texts Adler believed indispensable to entering what he called the Great Conversation.

There is something personal at stake in this commitment. I have spent my career teaching students that growth is conditional upon structure, discipline, and relationship. If I believe that for them, I must believe it for myself. Reading well is a form of intellectual self-governance. It is training in patience. It is resistance to distraction. It is apprenticeship to minds greater than my own.

This club is not about finishing a list. It is about formation.

The canon below is the list included in How to Read a Book. It is unapologetically Western and male in emphasis, and I will continue to expand my broader reading project to include Eastern and other global voices. But this list provides a structured beginning. It provides me a foundation from which to engage the long inheritance of ideas that have shaped my intellectual world as a Westerner. 

To read them well—inspectionally, analytically, syntopically—is to step into a conversation that began long before me and will continue long after me.

I do not intend merely to complete these books.

I intend to join them.

How to Read a Book, Appendix A

  1. Homer – Iliad, Odyssey
  2. The Old Testament
  3. Aeschylus – Tragedies
  4. Sophocles – Tragedies
  5. Herodotus – Histories
  6. Euripides – Tragedies
  7. Thucydides – History of the Peloponnesian War
  8. Hippocrates – Medical Writings
  9. Aristophanes – Comedies
  10. Plato – Dialogues
  11. Aristotle – Works
  12. Epicurus – Letter to Herodotus; Letter to Menoecus
  13. Euclid – Elements
  14. Archimedes – Works
  15. Apollonius of Perga – Conic Sections
  16. Cicero – Works
  17. Lucretius – On the Nature of Things
  18. Virgil – Works
  19. Horace – Works
  20. Livy – History of Rome
  21. Ovid – Works
  22. Plutarch – Parallel Lives; Moralia
  23. Tacitus – Histories; Annals; Agricola; Germania
  24. Nicomachus of Gerasa – Introduction to Arithmetic
  25. Epictetus – Discourses; Encheiridion
  26. Ptolemy – Almagest
  27. Lucian – Works
  28. Marcus Aurelius – Meditations
  29. Galen – On the Natural Faculties
  30. The New Testament
  31. Plotinus – The Enneads
  32. St. Augustine – "On the Teachers"; Confessions; City of God; On Christian Doctrine
  33. The Song of Roland
  34. The Nibelungenlied
  35. The Saga of Burnt Njál
  36. St. Thomas Aquinas – Summa Theologica
  37. Dante Alighieri – The Divine Comedy; The New Life; On Monarchy
  38. Geoffrey Chaucer – Troilus and Criseyde; The Canterbury Tales
  39. Leonardo da Vinci – Notebooks
  40. Niccolò Machiavelli – The Prince; Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy
  41. Desiderius Erasmus – The Praise of Folly
  42. Nicolaus Copernicus – On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
  43. Thomas More – Utopia
  44. Martin Luther – Table Talk; Three Treatises
  45. François Rabelais – Gargantua and Pantagruel
  46. John Calvin – Institutes of the Christian Religion
  47. Michel de Montaigne – Essays
  48. William Gilbert – On the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies
  49. Miguel de Cervantes – Don Quixote
  50. Edmund Spenser – Prothalamion; The Faerie Queene
  51. Francis Bacon – Essays; Advancement of Learning; Novum Organum, New Atlantis
  52. William Shakespeare – Poetry and Plays
  53. Galileo Galilei – Starry Messenger; Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences
  54. Johannes Kepler – Epitome of Copernican Astronomy; Concerning the Harmonies of the World
  55. William Harvey – On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals; On the Circulation of the Blood; On the Generation of Animals
  56. Thomas Hobbes – Leviathan
  57. René Descartes – Rules for the Direction of the Mind; Discourse on the Method; Geometry; Meditations on First Philosophy
  58. John Milton – Works
  59. Molière – Comedies
  60. Blaise Pascal – The Provincial Letters; Pensees; Scientific Treatises
  61. Christiaan Huygens – Treatise on Light
  62. Benedict de Spinoza – Ethics
  63. John Locke – Letter Concerning Toleration; Of Civil Government; Essay Concerning Human Understanding; Thoughts Concerning Education
  64. Jean Baptiste Racine – Tragedies
  65. Isaac Newton – Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy; Optics
  66. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz – Discourse on Metaphysics; New Essays Concerning Human Understanding; Monadology
  67. Daniel Defoe – Robinson Crusoe
  68. Jonathan Swift – A Tale of a Tub; Journal to Stella; Gulliver's Travels; A Modest Proposal
  69. William Congreve – The Way of the World
  70. George Berkeley – Principles of Human Knowledge
  71. Alexander Pope – Essay on Criticism; Rape of the Lock; Essay on Man
  72. Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu – Persian Letters; Spirit of Laws
  73. Voltaire – Letters on the English; Candide; Philosophical Dictionary; Micromegas
  74. Henry Fielding – Joseph Andrews; Tom Jones
  75. Samuel Johnson – The Vanity of Human Wishes; Dictionary; Rasselas; The Lives of the Poets
  76. David Hume – A Treatise of Human Nature; Essays Moral and Political; An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
  77. Jean-Jacques Rousseau – On the Origin of Inequality; On the Political Economy; Emile – or, On Education, The Social Contract
  78. Laurence Sterne – Tristram Shandy; A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy
  79. Adam Smith – The Theory of Moral Sentiments; The Wealth of Nations
  80. Immanuel Kant – Critique of Pure Reason; Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals; Critique of Practical Reason; The Science of Right; Critique of Judgment; Perpetual Peace
  81. Edward Gibbon – The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire; Autobiography
  82. James Boswell – Journal; Life of Samuel Johnson, Ll.D.
  83. Antoine de Lavoisier – Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elements of Chemistry)
  84. Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison – Federalist Papers
  85. Jeremy Bentham – An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation; Theory of Fictions
  86. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – Faust; Poetry and Truth
  87. Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier – Analytical Theory of Heat
  88. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel – Phenomenology of Spirit; Philosophy of Right; Lectures on the Philosophy of History
  89. William Wordsworth – Poems
  90. Samuel Taylor Coleridge – Poems; Biographia Literaria
  91. Jane Austen – Pride and Prejudice; Emma
  92. Carl von Clausewitz – On War
  93. Stendhal – The Red and the Black; The Charterhouse of Parma; On Love
  94. Lord Byron – Don Juan (poem)
  95. Arthur Schopenhauer – Studies in Pessimism
  96. Michael Faraday – The Chemical History of a Candle; Experimental Researches in Electricity
  97. Charles Lyell – Principles of Geology
  98. Auguste Comte – The Positive Philosophy
  99. Honoré de Balzac – Père Goriot; Eugenie Grandet
  100. Ralph Waldo Emerson – Representative Men; Essays; Journal
  101. Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter
  102. Alexis de Tocqueville – Democracy in America
  103. John Stuart Mill – A System of Logic; On Liberty; Representative Government; Utilitarianism; The Subjection of Women; Autobiography
  104. Charles Darwin – The Origin of Species; The Descent of Man; Autobiography
  105. Charles Dickens – Pickwick Papers; David Copperfield; Hard Times
  106. Claude Bernard – Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine
  107. Henry David Thoreau – Civil Disobedience; Walden
  108. Karl Marx – Capital; Communist Manifesto
  109. George Eliot – Adam Bede; Middlemarch
  110. Herman Melville – Moby-Dick; Billy Budd
  111. Fyodor Dostoevsky – Crime and Punishment; The Idiot; The Brothers Karamazov
  112. Gustave Flaubert – Madame Bovary; Three Stories
  113. Henrik Ibsen – Plays
  114. Leo Tolstoy – War and Peace; Anna Karenina; What is Art?; Twenty-Three Tales
  115. Mark Twain – The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; The Mysterious Stranger
  116. William James – The Principles of Psychology; The Varieties of Religious Experience; Pragmatism; Essays in Radical Empiricism
  117. Henry James – The American; The Ambassadors
  118. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche – Thus Spoke Zarathustra; Beyond Good and Evil; The Genealogy of Morals; The Will to Power
  119. Jules Henri Poincaré – Science and Hypothesis; Science and Method
  120. Sigmund Freud – The Interpretation of Dreams; Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis; Civilization and Its Discontents; New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis
  121. George Bernard Shaw – Plays and Prefaces
  122. Max Planck – Origin and Development of the Quantum Theory; Where Is Science Going?; Scientific Autobiography
  123. Henri Bergson – Time and Free Will; Matter and Memory; Creative Evolution; The Two Sources of Morality and Religion
  124. John Dewey – How We Think; Democracy and Education; Experience and Nature; Logic: the Theory of Inquiry
  125. Alfred North Whitehead – An Introduction to Mathematics; Science and the Modern World; The Aims of Education and Other Essays; Adventures of Ideas
  126. George Santayana – The Life of Reason; Skepticism and Animal Faith; Persons and Places
  127. Vladimir Lenin – The State and Revolution
  128. Marcel Proust – Remembrance of Things Past
  129. Bertrand Russell – The Problems of Philosophy; The Analysis of Mind; An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth; Human Knowledge, Its Scope and Limits
  130. Thomas Mann – The Magic Mountain; Joseph and His Brothers
  131. Albert Einstein – The Meaning of Relativity; On the Method of Theoretical Physics; The Evolution of Physics
  132. James Joyce – 'The Dead' in Dubliners; A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man; Ulysses
  133. Jacques Maritain – Art and Scholasticism; The Degrees of Knowledge; The Rights of Man and Natural Law; True Humanism
  134. Franz Kafka – The Trial; The Castle
  135. Arnold J. Toynbee – A Study of History; Civilization on Trial
  136. Jean-Paul Sartre – Nausea; No Exit; Being and Nothingness
  137. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn – The First Circle; The Cancer Ward

How to Lose Yourself: An Ancient Guide to Letting Go